Analysis Of The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Commonly Used Batteries in Energy Storage Systems

1. Lithium ion batteries

Lithium batteries "are a type of battery made of lithium metal or lithium alloys as negative electrode materials and using non aqueous electrolyte solutions. Due to the highly reactive chemical properties of lithium metal, the processing, storage, and use of lithium metal have high environmental requirements. With the development of science and technology, lithium batteries have now become the mainstream.

Its main advantages include: long service life, high energy storage density, light weight, and strong adaptability;

The disadvantages are poor safety, explosive nature, high cost, and limited usage conditions.

2. Ternary lithium battery

Ternary polymer lithium batteries refer to lithium batteries that use nickel cobalt manganese oxide (Li (NiCoMn) O2 as the positive electrode material. The ternary composite positive electrode material is made of nickel salt, cobalt salt, and manganese salt as raw materials, and the proportion of nickel cobalt manganese inside can be adjusted according to actual needs. Batteries with ternary materials as the positive electrode have higher safety compared to lithium cobalt oxide batteries, but the voltage is too low, When it is used on mobile phones (the cutoff voltage of mobile phones is generally about 3.0V), there will be an obvious feeling of insufficient capacity.

Its main advantages include high energy density and small volume with the same capacity.

The disadvantages are: poor thermal stability, easy occurrence of open flames due to internal short circuits, fast capacity decay, and short service life.

3. Lead-acid battery

It is a type of battery with electrodes mainly made of lead and its oxides, and the electrolyte is a sulfuric acid solution. In the discharge state of lead-acid batteries, the main component of the positive electrode is lead dioxide, and the main component of the negative electrode is lead; In the charging state, the main component of the positive and negative electrodes is lead sulfate.

Its main advantages include: safe sealing, air release system, simple maintenance, long service life, stable quality, and high reliability;

The disadvantage is that lead is highly polluting and has a low energy density (i.e. too bulky).

4. Lithium iron phosphate

Lithium iron phosphate battery refers to a lithium ion battery that uses lithium iron phosphate as the cathode material. The positive electrode materials of lithium-ion batteries mainly include lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium nickel oxide, ternary materials, lithium iron phosphate, etc. Lithium cobalt oxide is currently the cathode material used in the vast majority of lithium-ion batteries.

Its main advantages are: excellent charging and discharging performance, no memory effect, long life, high temperature resistance, good safety performance, and environmental protection;

The disadvantages are: low energy density, larger volume of the same capacity, slightly reduced low-temperature performance, and higher manufacturing costs.

In the current security industry, considering the factors of safety and capacity stability, lithium iron phosphate battery is the mainstream choice.

5. Sodium sulfur battery

Sodium sulfur battery is a secondary battery that uses metallic sodium as the negative electrode, sulfur as the positive electrode, and ceramic tubes as the electrolyte separator. At a certain operating temperature, sodium ions undergo a reversible reaction between the electrolyte membrane and sulfur, forming the release and storage of energy.

Its main advantages are: the specific energy is up to 760Wh/kg, there is no self-discharge, the discharge efficiency is almost 100%, and the service life can reach 10~15 years;

The disadvantage is that sulfur and sodium melt at a high temperature of 350 º C.

6. Liquid flow battery

Liquid flow energy storage battery is a kind of device suitable for fixed large-scale energy storage (power storage). Compared with the current commonly used lead-acid batteries, nickel cadmium batteries and other secondary batteries, it has the advantages of power and energy storage capacity that can be independently designed (the energy storage medium is stored outside the battery), high efficiency, long life, deep discharge, and environmental friendliness. It is one of the preferred technologies for large-scale energy storage.

Its main advantages include flexible layout, long cycle life, fast reaction times, and no harmful emissions;

The disadvantage is that the energy density varies greatly.

7. Lithium manganese oxide battery

Lithium manganese oxide battery refers to a battery with a positive electrode made of lithium manganese oxide material. Lithium manganese oxide batteries have a nominal voltage of 2.5-4.2v, and are widely used due to their low cost and good safety.

Its main advantages include high energy density, low cost, high safety, and stable low-temperature performance.

The disadvantage is poor high-temperature performance and relatively short lifespan.

8. Lithium cobalt oxide battery

Lithium cobalt oxide batteries have stable structure, high capacity ratio, and outstanding comprehensive performance, but their safety is poor and their cost is very high. They are mainly used in small and medium-sized battery cells and are widely used in small electronic devices such as laptops, mobile phones, MP3/4, etc., with a nominal voltage of 3.7V.

Its main advantages include high compaction density, good stability, stable structure, and good product consistency.

The disadvantages are poor safety, very high cost, average cycle life, and poor material stability.

9. Nickel battery

Nickel hydrogen battery is a type of battery with good performance. The positive active material of Ni MH battery is Ni (OH) 2 (called NiO electrode), the negative active material is metal hydride, also called hydrogen storage alloy (called hydrogen storage electrode), and the electrolyte is 6mol/L potassium hydroxide solution.

Its main advantages include high energy density, fast charging and discharging speed, light weight, long service life, and no environmental pollution;

The disadvantages are slight memory effect, more management problems, and easy to form single battery separator melting.